3 Stoic Strategies For Becoming Happier

Stoicism was one of the most important philosophical schools in ancient Greece and Rome.   It has also been one of the most influential.   The writings of Stoic thinkers like Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius have been read and taken to be heart by scholars and statesman for two thousand years. In his short but extremely readable book A Guide to the Good Life: The Ancient Art of Stoic Joy (Oxford University Press, 2009), William Irvine argues that Stoicism is a admirable and coherent philosophy of life.  Ã‚   He also claims that many of us would be happier if we became Stoics.   This is a remarkable claim.   How can the theory and practice of a philosophical school founded fifteen hundred years before the industrial revolution have anything relevant to say to us today, living in our constantly changing, technology dominated world? Irvine has many things to say in response to that question.   But the most interesting part of his answer is his account of specific strategies that the Stoics recommend we all use on a daily basis.   Three of these in particular are especially important: negative visualization; internalization of goals; and regular self-denial. Negative visualization Epictetus recommends that when parents kiss a child goodnight, they consider the possibility that the child might die during the night.   And when you say goodbye to a friend, say the Stoics, remind yourself that you perhaps you will never meet again. Along the same lines, you might imagine the home you live being destroyed by fire or by a tornado, the job you rely on being eliminated, or the beautiful car you have just bought being crushed by a runaway truck. Why entertain these unpleasant thought?   What good can come from this practice of what Irvine calls â€Å"negative visualization†?   Well, here are a few possible benefits of imagining the worst that can happen: Anticipating misfortunes can lead you to take preventative measures.   E.g. Imagining your family dying of carbon monoxide poisoning may prompt to you install a carbon monoxide detector.If you have already imagined how something awful might happen, if it does occur you will less shocked.   We are all familiar with this on a mundane level.   Many people, if they take an exam, imagine or even convince themselves that they have done badly so that if it turns out that this is the truth, they will be less disappointed.   Negative visualization, here and elsewhere, prepares us mentally and emotionally to deal with unpleasant experiences when they arrive–as they inevitably will.Contemplating the loss of something helps us to appreciate it more fully.   We are all familiar with the way we have a tendency to take things for granted.   When we first buy a new house, car, guitar, smart phone, shirt, or whatever, we think it’s wonderful.   But within a fairly short ti me the novelty wears off and we no longer find it exciting, or even interesting.   Psychologists call this â€Å"hedonic adaptation.† But imagining the loss of the thing in question is a way of refreshing our appreciation of it.   It’s a technique that help us to follow Epictetus’ advice and learn to want what we already have. Of these arguments for practicing negative visualization, the third is probably the most important and the most convincing.   And it goes well beyond such things as newly purchased technology. There is so much in life to be grateful for, yet we often find ourselves complaining that things aren’t perfect.   But anyone reading this article is probably living the sort of life that most people through history would have viewed as inconceivably pleasant.   Little need to worry about famine, plague, war, or brutal oppression.   Anesthetics; antibiotics; modern medicine; instant communication with anyone anywhere; the ability to get to just about anywhere   in the world in a few hours; a vast amount of great art, literature, music, and science available through the internet at the touch a of key.   The list of things to be grateful for is almost infinite.   Negative visualization reminds us that we are â€Å"living the dream.† Internalization of goals We live in a culture that puts tremendous value of worldly success.   So people strive to get into elite universities, to make lost of money, to create a successful business, to become famous, to achieve high status in their work, to win prizes, and so on.   The problem with all these goals, though, is that whether or not one succeeds depends in large part on factors outside one’s control. Suppose your goal is to win an Olympic medal.   You can commit yourself to this goal entirely, and if you have enough natural ability you may make yourself one of the best athletes in the world.   But whether or not you win a medal depends on many things, including who you are competing with.   If you happen to be competing against athletes who have certain natural advantages over you–e.g. physiques and physiologies better suited to your sport–then a medal may simply be beyond you.   The same goes for other goals, too.   If you want to become famous as a musician, it isn’t enough just to make great music.   Your music has to reach the ears of millions of people; and they have to like it.   These are not matters you can easily control. For this reason the Stoics advise us to carefully distinguish between things that lie within our control and things that lie beyond our control.   Their view is that we should focus entirely on the former.   Thus, we should concern ourselves with what we choose to strive for, with being the kind of person we want to be, and with living according to sound values.   These are all goals that depend entirely on us, not on how the world is or how it treats us. Thus, if I’m a musician, my goal shouldn’t be to have a number one hit, or to sell a million records, to play at Carnegie Hall or to perform at the Super Bowl.   Instead, my goal should just be to make the best music I can within my chosen genre.   Of course, if I try to do this I will increase my chances of public recognition and worldly success.   But if these don’t come my way, I won’t have failed, and I shouldn’t feel especially disappointed.   For I will still have achieved the goal I set myself. Practicing self-denial The Stoics argue that sometimes we should deliberately deprive ourselves of certain pleasures.   For example, if we usually have dessert after a meal, we might forego this once every few days; we might even once in a while substitute bread, cheese and water for our normal, more interesting dinners.   The Stoics even advocate subjecting oneself to voluntary discomfort.   One might, for instance, not eat for a day, underdress during cold weather, try sleeping on the floor, or take the occasional cold shower. What is the point of this kind of self-denial?   Why do such things?   The reasons are actually similar to the reasons for practicing negative visualization.   Self-denial toughens us up, so that if we have to deal with involuntary hardship or discomfort we will be able to do so.   There is really a very familiar idea.   It is why the army makes boot camp so hard.   The thinking is that if soldiers become accustomed to hardship on a regular basis, they will cope better with it when being able to do so really matters.   And this sort of thinking by military leaders goes back at least to ancient Sparta.   Indeed, the militaristic Spartans were so convinced that depriving men of luxuries made them better soldiers that this sort of denial came to be integral to their whole way of life.   Even today, the word â€Å"Spartan† means lacking luxuries.Self-denial helps us to appreciate the pleasures, comforts and conveniences that we enjoy all the time and are in danger of taking for granted.   Most of will probably agree with this–in theory!   But the problem with putting the theory into practice, of course, is that the experience of voluntary discomfort is––uncomfortable.   Still, perhaps some awareness of the value of self-denial is part of the reason why people choose to go camping, or backpacking. But are the Stoics right? The arguments for practicing these Stoic strategies sound very plausible.   But should they be believed?   Will negative visualization, internalizing goals, and practicing self-denial really help us to be happier?   The most likely answer is that it depends to some extent on the individual.   Negative visualization may help some people to appreciate more fully the things they presently enjoy.   But it could lead to others becoming increasingly anxious over the prospect of losing what they love.   Shakespeare, in Sonnet 64, after describing several examples of Time’s destructiveness, concludes: Time hath taught me thus to ruminateThat Time will come and take my love away.This thought is as a death, which cannot chooseBut weep to have that which it fears to lose. It seems that for the poet negative visualization is not a strategy for happiness; on the contrary, it causes anxiety and leads him to be even more attached to that which he will one day lose. The internalization of goals seems very reasonable on the face of it: do your best, and accept the fact that objective success depends on factors you can’t control.   Yet surely, the prospect of objective success–an Olympic medal; making   money; having a hit record; winning a prestigious prize–can be tremendously motivating.   Perhaps there are some people who care nothing for such external markers of success; but most of us do.   And it’s surely true that many wonderful human achievements have been fueled, at least in part, by the desire for them. Self-denial is not especially appealing to most people.   Yet there is som reason to suppose that it really does do us the sort of good that the Stoics claimed for it.   A well-known experiment done by Stanford psychologists in the 1970s involved having young children see how long they could hold off eating a marshmallow for the sake of getting an additional reward (such as a cookie in addition to the marshmallow).   The surprising upshot of the research was that those individuals who were best able to delay gratification did better in later life on a number of measures such as educational achievement and general health.   This seems to bear out will power is   like a muscle, and that exercising the muscle through self-denial builds self-control, a key ingredient of a happy life.

Essay on The American Drug War  a Conflict Theory...

In the mid to late 20th Century, the United States has experienced several states of Cultural Revolution. The Civil Rights Movement, the Womens Movement, the anti-War Movement during the Vietnam era, and the increasing presence of a widespread, politically active and highly vocalized youth counterculture led the United States government to feel that maybe, they were losing control of their population. The white, upper class men, who for centuries had dominated the political realm, began to feel their grip on power falter. By targeting drug use, the government would be free to deal with minorities especially African Americans, Hispanics, the free-love generation, and left-wing radicals, all while claiming that they were protecting†¦show more content†¦Workers became further detached from their labor as it became apparent that though they had a job, often they did not even make enough money to be able to buy the product that they assisted in producing. Marx predicted a worker revolution, in which workers would indeed unite in their struggle for equality. This revolution never occurred, however. Possible reasons for this include improved safety standards, the movement away from heavy industrial labor towards an information and service based economy, the shortening of the work day to eight hours, the implementation of employee benefit and retirement plans, and the widespread American belief in achievement ideology. The American achievement ideology is especially notable; it has been one of the most successful pieces of propaganda promoted by the bourgeoisie, and has had such a drastic effect on the motivation of the youth in America, especially those minority youths who suffer the most from inequality. Also, the bourgeoisie could have shifted their control by manipulating another aspect of proletariat life, thus alleviating the stress from labor and placing it somewhere else Ââ€" such as vice laws, including the Drug War. 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Theoretical Perspectives in Industrial Sociology †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Theoretical Perspectives in Industrial Sociology. Answer: Introduction There exist ample of differences between two countries in regards to varied factors such as the culture, the human resource management, the political scenarios, the ethicalities and many others like such. The differences do also affect the working practices of employees and the higher management. There are hundreds of countries across the globe where many countries differ to each other in the mentioned regards or many other factors like such. The differences can be accredited to the policies of the local government of the respective countries or the citizens who are living in such countries. Human resource management does also play a very important role in such differences. The differences are expected; however, it appears to be problematic because it makes thing challenging for people living across the different cultures. They find this problematic because they face challenge to communicate with the people from different cultures (Patrick Kumar, 2012). In this paper, it shows a comparison between the two countries India and Saudi Arabia in regards to different factors such as human resource management, infrastructure, local government policies, economic capability etc. The assignment progresses on the interview taken with a site head of a construction company based in India. The HOD has served the company for seven long years. Now, the HOD Mr. Rehab Kazim is working in a construction company Al Fouzan Trading General Construction Co. based in Saudi Arabia. It has been three years ever since the person has joined the company. Mr. Rehab Kazim used to supervise the proceedings at the sites. The HOD used to take care of a team of 100 members. The company where Mr. Kazim is working takes care of the building construction works. The HOD has also handled many popular projects in the country. Their customers were the clients looking for constructing the buildings across the Makkah. Mr. Rehab Kazim is a successful man who has vast experienc e behind him. The 7 years working experience in India and now in Saudi Arabia speak the volume of the experience. The vast experience of the HOD has attracted me towards him for knowing something about the two countries through an interview. Interestingly, I found him very cooperative as the HOD responded to my queries with sufficient information. The interview conducted with the site head at the construction company in Saudi Arabia did provide ample of information regarding the basic differences in the two countries. The main purpose of this assignment is to frame the discussion held with the site head at a construction company in Saudi Arabia into understandable information, so that, it could convey some interesting facts about the two countries. Comparison between India and Saudi Arabia There are significant differences in between India and Saudi Arabia. The countries differed not only in terms of population and the surface area but have also differed significantly in different factors such as HRM as confirmed by the site head who were interviewed at a construction company in Saudi Arabia. The answers to questions that were devised are as followed, the questions are attached in the appendix. In Saudi Arabia, they pay different pay scales to both the local and the international workers. However, in India, both the local and the international employees receive the same salary structure. Mr. Kazim said that there is a variation in salaries based on skill sets only. Apart from salary structure, there are differences in weekly off as well. Friday is a fixed off in the entire Saudi Arabia whereas Sunday is a fixed off in the entire public sector and the most part of the private sectors. Some sectors have a rotational format to offer the weekly offs, which mean that employees can avail their weekly off on any of their choice of day in a particular week. There is racial discrimination at the workplace in Saudi Arabia. The country prefers the Muslim employees in particular. The HOD has supplied the information with a very sad tone. He wondered what has made the difference. However, he proceeded by saying that in nowadays, there are few non-Muslim workers are also working (Fnais et al., 2013). The site head has supplied some useful information about both the countries. The information is helpful in understanding the behavioral differences in the customers of both the countries. India is a far big nation that the KSA. It is after China in terms of population. It has a significant mix up of different groups of customers such as Millennial, Baby Boomers and Boomers. In contrast to this fact, Saudi Arabia is vastly occupied with the youth audience. Furthermore, this means that the customers in the country are more educated than those in India. It does not at all mean that India does not have educated customers but it actually means that the percentage of such customers is more in Saudi Arabia. Moreover, most of the customers in the country have measurable approach towards any product or service. However, they are not expressive as the customers are in India. Mr. Rehab Kazim surprisingly said that they are bound with the Islamic rules and regulations, which compels them to use such thing only those are permissible under Islamic policies (Johnson Vriens, 2013). Corruption is one of the major issues in the ethical front that organizations face these days. These include bribing of the officials, forging of documents some of the companies are also being accused of having malpractices in the salary and remuneration system as well. Interview findings: According to the site head, people living in Saudi Arabia are more ethical than those in India. The head of the department has cited one very interesting reason for the fact, which is the adherence to the Islamic shariah. Muslims living in Saudi Arabia find this bad to go against the Islamic rules and regulations even if they desire something, which shariah does not permit. On the other hand, India is a secular country with no such effects of shariah on the Muslims living in the country. Additionally, India is a country of multiple religions that means every religion has their rights to practice their religion until and unless it does not hamper the sentiments of the common people (Azeem Akhtar, 2014). Politically, India is very unstable and unsupportive in certain instances. The opposition party tends to oppose any of the government projects. It never at all cares to analyze whether the propose project is advantageous. This is for such reasons many big projects are delayed here. Mr. Kazim was really upset with the facts that the political scenarios in India are really concerning. The site head also added that the same opposition once it steps down in the crown of the local government, it supports the same project that it once opposed. On the other hand, the political scenarios in Saudi Arabia are very different. This might be because of the fact that the country has one single king that heads the entire process. Every single thing is under the power of the king, which is why it is comparatively easier to plan and implement a project in the country (Brown, 2013). Both India and Saudi Arabia are economically developing countries; however, there are differences in the economy of both the country. The major contributor in the economy of KSA is the oil reservoir. It is the largest exporter of oil in the world. The GDP per capita of the country is far bigger than India. According to the site head, the power of one king has an influential role in the economy of the country; however, the political regime in India is headed by a complex hierarchy that significantly opposes the projects. This is one such factor that has kept on affecting the economy of the country. The recent demonetization has further affected it significantly. Mr. Kazim was really had deep concerns for the political circumstances in India as it has also affected the economy significantly (Bonne, 2013). Culturally, Saudi Arabia is very conservative in nature. They make friends at the workplace but they rarely take their friends to their home. It does not matter whether they are working together for the last 20 years. Interview findings: Mr. Rehab Kazim has expressed his desire as well by stating the fact that he is not enjoying his job here in this country because of few reasons. A conservative cultural circumstance in the country is tough for anybody who has spent a significant time of his or her career being in some other parts of world. However, the circumstances in India are entirely different. The different workforce at the different workplace such as at the construction sites or at the official premise they have a good bonding between them. They share good relationships with each other. They also visit each others home. In other words, the workplace in India is comparatively much social than in Saudi Arabia. The site head has admitted that the person felt this very comfortable while working in India. However, it is comparatively challenging to work in Saudi Arabia as people there are very reserved (Goldschmidt Jr Boum, 2015). Organizational behavior is an integral part of the daily operation of a business unit. Work culture, work environment heavily depends upon the job satisfaction of a person and his commitment towards the company. The site head when asked about the social atmosphere at the workplace, the person had confirmed that workplace in India is much friendly than it is in Saudi Arabia. Mr. Kazim is actually missing India as it can be observed in his emotions. There can be reasons behind the fact; however, people there in the KSA are very reserved with their matter. They make friendship but they rarely visits to one another home. The circumstances in India are majorly different as employees develop friendship atmosphere at the workplace and do also visit one anothers home (Al-Thani et al., 2014). India has improved its capability to invest in the infrastructure related growth during the five year span of 2008-12. India has really progressed in this five year span and has proved its potentiality in the infrastructure related growth. Mr. Kazim was comparatively more satisfied with the infrastructure in India as it looked from his way of answering to the question. Saudi Arabia needs to follow the footsteps of India in order to enhance its capability and improve the infrastructure. Nevertheless, an improved infrastructure would only support the flourishing growth in other than the oil industry (Alshahrani Alsadiq, 2014). Theoretical perspective would be really helpful to understand the teachings, which the interview has taught me. There are many theories such as theories of performance, which is helpful in understanding the importance of planning, organizing, leading and controlling. These four things are very important as far as a progressive workplace is concerned. This does not only improve the operational performance but it also betters the workplace environment, which is very important for keeping the employees intact with the organization for a significant time span. These four things emphasize on the importance of different factors such as the role of HRM, the infrastructure and the ethical considerations (Brown, 2013). The information that has been supplied during the interview has understandably covered the few important factors, which affect the experience of working in two different countries. The information has encouraged me more to work in India than in Saudi Arabia. The workplace in In dia is friendlier than in the KSA. Like other Millennial I also like such a workplace that is both educative and friendly. The workplace in Saudi Arabia is also educative; however, it is not as friendly as it is in India. Additionally, the opportunity to grow in India is much better than in Saudi Arabia. I personally feel that I would be happier to be in India as an improved infrastructure in the country would help me come across the different opportunities needed to enrich the skills to another level. The exploration is higher in the country, which would provide me ample of time to grow. The interview has also educated me on the different challenges and the opportunities, which would come across while working at the global platform. There are opportunities at the global platform such as it gives real chances to come across wider exploration opportunities. On the other hand, it also has ample of challenges such as the political scenario in the target country. Additionally, the human resource system might also be challenging such as for someone who has worked in Saudi Arabia and now willing to work in India. I find myself very excited for the opportunities that are there in some other parts of world. However, I am also worried for a fact that the workplace nature can be different at the target place. It may not be the same like where I have spent a significant time span. I also worry for other factors such as the nature of people there, the food culture in the target country, the local government policies etc. The interview has taught me many important lessons, which a ll were unknown facts to me before I interviewed the site head. Conclusion It is an interview report that focuses on the different factors in the two different countries India and Saudi Arabia. The paper has supplied some important information on the political, economic and many such factors of the two countries in comparison. The assignment has helped to understand that there are challenges as well as opportunities while working at the global platform. Different workplace at the different locations is different to each other in many respects such as the cultural, social and behavioral factors. Working at the global platform is full of challenges because of very basic reasons such as the HRM policies, workforce of different cultures and the nature of business operation. The interview conducted with the site head of one Construction Company in Saudi Arabia has taught me many important lessons. It taught me that I need to be more realistic while making the selection on the workplace location that interests me. References Alshahrani, M. S. A., Alsadiq, M. A. J. (2014).Economic growth and government spending in Saudi Arabia: An empirical investigation. International Monetary Fund. Al-Thani, H., El-Menyar, A., Abdelrahman, H., Zarour, A., Consunji, R., Peralta, R., ... Latifi, R. (2014). Workplace-related traumatic injuries: insights from a rapidly developing Middle Eastern country.Journal of environmental and public health,2014. Azeem, S. M., Akhtar, N. (2014). PERSONAL ETHICS AND ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR AMONG DOCTORS IN THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA.International Journal of Academic Research,6(4). Bonne, A. (2013).State and Economics in the Middle East: With Special Refernce to Conditions in Western Asia India. Routledge. Brown, R. (2013).Understanding industrial organizations: Theoretical perspectives in industrial sociology. Routledge. Fnais, N., al-Nasser, M., Zamakhshary, M., Abuznadah, W., Al Dhukair, S., Saadeh, M., ... BinAhmedi, A. (2013). Prevalence of harassment and discrimination among residents in three training hospitals in Saudi Arabia.Annals of Saudi medicine,33(2), 134. Goldschmidt Jr, A., Boum, A. (2015).A concise history of the Middle East. Hachette UK. Johnson, T., Vriens, L. (2013). Islam: governing under Sharia.Council on Foreign Relations,9. Patrick, H. A., Kumar, V. R. (2012). Managing workplace diversity: Issues and challenges.Sage Open,2(2), 2158244012444615.

Skills and qualities Essay Example

Skills and qualities   Essay The Travel and tourism industry takes both interpersonal skills and technical skills into a huge consideration when recruiting a new member of staff. Concerning Technical skills may be one of the most basic types of skills which employers may be looking for when recruiting new members of staff as it is very crucial to their job roles. Technical skills are absorbed and taught as it will benefit them I their jobs, in many cases they may be very basic skills such as maintenance, cookery, organizing and so on. There are many values of technical skills and some are more demand that the others, however these skills are often the most crucial skills required by employers. Technical skills are set out to run, and set up malfunctions, or equipment maintenance such as computers which is involved in a certain individuals job criteria. In this case this skill may be important as the staff that has that skill will be familiar with what kind of preservation is essential to carry out on this equipment if something goes wrong. We will write a custom essay sample on Skills and qualities   specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Skills and qualities   specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Skills and qualities   specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However on the other hand interpersonal skills are self-concept development, which makes an individual different from other individuals, however it includes many effects for instance how you behave in different situations or how you get on with people. A personal quality is what builds up persons characteristics; this may result in their attitude towards life and work. However skills are a development of process, it is socially constructed, and its what you learn in the work place. Employees are trained to develop these skills because it is vital in the travel and tourism industry. Personal qualities and skills are essential when employing new members of staff into the industry. The most common skills which are taken into account are usually are literacy and numeric skills, there are also other skills which are highly recommended for potential travel and tourism staff such as communicational skills, organisational skills and most importantly customer service. However there are also o ther types of skills required as well as all the technical skills for instance stamina; staff must have the stamina to work long and flexible hours. One example of interpersonal skill is coordination, this is extremely important for staff to be capable of doing as it regulates performance in relation to others actions. Staff must be able to engage in negotiation as it brings everybody together and settles the differences. On the other hand service orientation and social perceptiveness; this is when they are aware of what everybody else feels like towards a certain situation, their reactions and understanding. At the Marriott Hotel the staff are trained really well for a specific job role in order for them to do really well, so for instance some of the skills may be that they want their staff to take to account is the hotels geography, or be able to be familiar with all the emergency procedures for instance where all the fire exits are located. Reception Interpersonal skills Receptionists are required to have many types of interpersonal skills because they are responsible for assisting the guests so they must have excellent guest service skills. They are the first people the guests see when they visit to the hotel which is why they must have good skills in providing information regarding the hotel. Receptionists must learn how to make a good first impression and also learn to develop good listening skills because this is very important at the Marriot. They must be able to and capable of communicating effectively and have the stamina to work long hours. For receptionist at the Marriott they must be aware that they have many objectives to meet whilst they are at work, as there will be many different types of customers with their own unique problem which will need to be dealt. However handling complaints well is also another huge concern and this skill by a receptionist is most important as the Marriott believes customers are always right. At the Marriott is it is essential that receptionists be taught how to stay motivated and learn how to focus on customer care and provide information professionally, however they also need to feel compassionate towards the customers and also put on a good face even when its most worst day for them, because customers are supposed to feel welcomed all the time. Other interpersonal skills which are important for receptionist are communication skills and how to use them , receptionists must also be aware they need the ability to be able to remain calm and very composed, the slightest bit of anger cannot be shown in anyway for instance through their voice of facial expressions. At the Marriott they require their staff to have the ability to help customers in a friendly and yet a professional way, which may include tactfulness turning negatives into positives. Active learning is a good example of a good interpersonal skill for a receptionist as this will help them recognize the proposition of potential future problems, however active listening is also another skill as they will give customers the full attention and take huge amounts of time to achieve a good understanding to the points which customers are pointing out. Critical thinking is also another interpersonal skill which is very important at the Marriott by their receptionist staff, this helps staff see the logics and the reasons behind things rather that just the reasons, it will also help them figure out their way behind barriers, so for instance they are dealing with a difficult customer they wouldnt be let left speechless as they will understand and try and help rather than just turn their backs and walk away. The use of science is also important as they might come into a situation where they may need to use scientific rules and techniques to solve a case, speaking, a good communication is always appropriate for the needs of customers. Technical skills However other technical skills for a receptionist staff at the Marriott also includes skills such as equipment selection, so for instance something at the reception has gone wrong it the staff will know straight away what to do and how to handle the situation. If that staff has that skill they will also know what tools may be necessary. On the other hand installation, this is a very effective skill. A receptionist staff must me familiar with IT, so for instance isnt familiar with IT and there is a break down in the system they wouldnt know what to do, due to this Marriott could lose a lot of their important data installed on those computers. Whereas if there was no absence of this particular skill the member of staff will quickly run the programmes which may be needed and meet all the specifications as they will have the skill to do so. Another skill is also involved with this type of skill which is the operation and control, however this may sound very basic but it is important for a staff to have the knowledge of how to use the controlling operation systems and be extremely capable of how to monitor them. Troubleshooting is another skill important in this category; receptionists must have the skill to figure out the errors and the cause of them, repairing the machines if needed to be repaired. Thus one major skill which needs to be taken into huge consideration as the quality control analysis, at the Marriott they are very strict about how well their systems work and that they do now fail under any circumstances. However quality control analysis is done by the receptionists if not them its usually people at the front office, what the do is they inspects the computer and all the other technological systems in the building, such as the products and services and take out tests on them. The Marriott is a large hotel, so therefore to keep up their good successful image they must train their staff well with the technical skills required by this job. However staff at the front office in other words at the reception have the duty for the creation of the success in the organisation. So therefore receptionists must have adequate levels of technical skills. The main roles of a receptionist at the hotel is to receive calls, for which they must be able to use many different types of telephone techniques for instance dealing with incoming calls, how to sound confident and understanding the use of check lists and being able to use them if necessary, however it also includes skills such as being able to direct calls correctly. Receptionists must also understand the importance of customer relation; this includes factors such as understanding customer needs and attitudes, and dealing with complaints and awkward customers either on the telephone or on a face to face basis. For instance if there is a customer making a complaint the receptionist must learn to stay calm and develop strategies for dealing with difficult customers and situations. This is extremely important for the Marriott as the receptionists work as the front line position at the Marriot, and the impression the guests will receive from them is what the whole hotel would be judged by. Other skills include things such as cash handling skills to cope with the hotels accounting procedures in order for them to be capable of using the computerised billing and financial accounting system. Being taught plenty of skills is necessary for instance regarding customer care, numeracy, IT skills, using hotel systems and billings because staff must be able to use computers well as these methods are used constantly. The information they put into the computer must be accurate and checked. Computerised systems are vey difficult to handle and if anything goes wrong they could lose a lot of data, such as the hotel summary of each days business. Receptionists workers have many objectives these include things such as providing support to every parts of the organisation, as everybody needs their help and in order to do this they must keep appropriate records for certain things. learning the importance of first impressions which involves trying to project a professional image establishing a source of compliant, discretion and tactfulness, these skills are very important for the hotel which is why the reception staff are involved in doing a lot of work dealing with these skills. Restaurants and bar staff Technical skills Banqueting and bar staff at the Marriott are required to have many types of technical skills for instance how to prepare coffee up to a certain standard, these staff are responsible for maintaining the bar and the restaurant, this involves generating and preparing food in agreement with the customer or food, one basic technical skill is that they must have is that the food they make has to be up to menu specifications and meet the Marriot standards, other skills include taking orders serving food at a fast and effective pace whilst still keeping up the professional appearance and sanitation of the bar and restaurant. There are also other skills included in that position of job at the Marriott such as handling cash well They must also understand and be aware of the companys cash handling policy and procedures and must maintain a certain standard. Other skills include technical skills such as replacing and refilling the wine bar, how to use tills, numeric skills, excellent guest servic e skills and most importantly how to set up and close the bar and restaurant area. Bar and restaurant staff at the hotel are also required to have stamina in order to keep up with the unsociable hours and must be able to work flexible hours. Interpersonal skills Bar and restaurant staff at the Marriott are also required to have plenty of personal qualities, they should feel motivated about the work they do and very compassionate, however a sense of humour is always good as for the other members of staff and for yourself, this is very important as it helps the staff to stay happy and well focused on the job. However these staff must have a high level of stamina as the job involves a lot of work and long hours, they must have positive attitudes towards their colleagues and the customers as it this is a very essential part as it is a way to keep up with the Marriot standards. On the other hand communication skills are very important as it helps them to talk to the customers and understand what they want or need. However bar and receptionists staff at the hotel must also be very co-operative as that is they key to make a person adaptable and determined to succeed. Other general skills are also required such as they must not show their limitation if they get annoyed with a customer. On the other hand it is also important they have the courage to avoid critics of customers and not take it to heart. and also avoid the lack of temper and selfishness. House keeping Interpersonal skills Housekeepers at the Marriot are also expected to have many accomplished communication and interpersonal skills; the house keeping environment at the Marriott is a very hectic and obliging environment. A lot of the housekeeping staff will have to work in a very hospitality surrounding for which they may need to be empathetic. The interpersonal skills required by a housekeeping staff includes being friendly, pleasant and extremely dependable because it is possible they may come into contact with the visitors, housekeepers must also have good listening skills as well as good communication skills. Housekeepers must be extremely familiar with staff management practices and be capable of recognizing the Marriot hotels housekeeping standards and health and safety regulations. Housekeepers are often responsible for a wide range of areas which is why they must be familiar with hotels geography incase of emergency or to get something they need. On the other hand they need to also know where the rooms are located which they need to clean .Housekeeping at the Marriott hotel is all about maintaining the hotel and keeping it spotless for their visitors. A housekeeper is expected to clean, dust and vacuum; house keepers are also expected to be familiar with how to use the products, tools and equipment fully. On the other hand there are also other skills required for the housekeeping staff such as communication skills, feel motivated and also to have a relevant foreign language skill. Housekeeping staff must be having relevant language skills because they may come into contact with the cu stomers and may be asked questions. However other skills include skills such as having the ability to make decisions and most importantly to make the guests feel like they are at home with warm and impeccable service. Technical skill However other technical skills required by house keeping staff at the Marriott is to have the ability to keep the assigned corridors and stairwells extremely clean and maintained, they must also have a basic knowledge of engineering building maintenance skills in case repairmens are need in the bedroom. However they must be aware that they are in charge to keep the linen rooms properly stocked and clean also it must be organised and searchable for other members of staff to find. Housekeepers must able to know how to remove waste and dirty glasses; these staff must have excellent guest service skills and must be available to work a flexible schedule. Excellent cleaning abilities The role requires staff to do heavy duty cleaning, general maintenance and minor repairs of guest rooms to maintain the Marriot standards, other skills include cleaning carpets, being able to organise vents, how to vacume edges , how to clean windows, ,changing filters, minor repairs and furniture. In conclusion I believe that to maintain a good professional image of an organisation many skills and qualities taught by the staff at the organisation is very effective, as it will bring new customer and the staff will be happy workers and very co-operative they will feel motivated and determined to succeed. At the end motivated staff result in good business and more sales, so it is very important for staff to identify the skills for the job role. Conclusion I believe that interpersonal and technical skills are very important as in life in general and also for the world of work as they as they are increasingly commanded by employers, and in other terms these skills are also known as employability skills . The growth of these skills makes available a bigger constructive structure for us to replicate on our own development, this self-awareness is vital to future success.

Complexity Theory Models of Leadership with Other Models of Leadership

Traditional Architecture vs Mordern Architecture Research Paper Example

Traditional Architecture vs Mordern Architecture Research Paper Example Traditional Architecture vs Mordern Architecture Paper Traditional Architecture vs Mordern Architecture Paper It has two main purposes which are to fulfill humans needs, sensory, delight and to capture the greatest achievement of man at a time as evidence for true generations. Joseph and John, 1860) Moving on to Traditional Architecture alternatively known as Vernacular Architecture is a term used to categorize a method of construction which uses immediately available resources to address immediate needs. The term is derived from the Latin word vernacular which means native therefore, refers to all Architecture which Is indigenous to a specific place I. Not Imported or copied from somewhere else. This represents the majority of historical construction and much continuing practice In developing countries characterized by Inexpensive materials and straight forwardly utilitarian sign, may though be adopted into culturally accepted solutions and through repetition becomes traditional. These buildings were built without the intervention of any professional Architects; it is always referred to as anonymous architecture or Architecture without Architects and even non pedigree architecture. Why is vernacular or traditional architecture so important? This is because it has a lot of advantages; Regional design adapts a house to perform well and endure in its particular location by designing for climate, micrometer, considering regional Vernacular Architecture, planning to withstand extreme events e. Storm, earthquakes etc. It must also conform to local building codes. Typically, traditional architecture means building houses for their specific regions, designing a house for Its region Is Important, yet often overlooked aspect of design to gain sustainability. Designing for a region on the other hand which Is one of the main concepts of vernacular, means suiting a houses form and materials to the daily climate and conditions of its location and it also involves consideration of severe weather events and natural disasters that are apt to strike a particular site and also designing homes pacifically for their regions helps homes to be energy-efficient, durable, and comfortable for their occupants. However, suiting a house to its climate involves many aspects of the design process, ranging from how the house is oriented on the site, to the room layout, to the choice of windows, insulation, and roofing material. A house must be suited to the terrain (land), soils, and orientation of its particular site. All of these considerations affect the houses salability for renewable energy systems, Its thermal efficiency, and the eventual comfort and expense the occupants will experience In operating the house. Withstanding extreme events; the durability of a house as a whole. And the materials used in its construction, also is determined appropriate for homes that are exposed to extreme moisture than for homes built in the desert. Similarly, design, materials, and installation procedures can help enhance the longevity of houses built in hurricane zones, flood plain, or areas subject to wild fire. (Dry. Merest. 010 ) Over time, different regions of the country have developed some distinctive housing styles, often these styles evolved from the materials that were available locally, and in response to regional climatic designs. As mechanical heating and cooling systems became more efficient, the need to use specific design elements to provide building comfort declined. At a minimum, houses should conform to local building codes, energy codes, and natural disasters. However, going the extra step and creating houses that are truly suited to their climate and their particular site means that these houses will be more durable, comfortable, and sustainable over time. Building in a regional vernacular style can not only create a house that performs well in the local climate, but also one that fits within an existing neighborhood and community. Matching the style of existing homes helps to maintain a sense of cultural heritage in a region or town, connects new developments with the community, and helps preserve the property values of older homes. Sustainability as the core concept of the vernacular has a few objectives which include the long-term objective of sustainable design to minimize resource degradation and consumption on a global scale and to achieve this, environmental awareness must be heightened. As long as sustainability can be achieved, occupants feel relaxed in their homes and these homes last for a very long time due to the trials being used but if this is not achieved, the result will be Sick building Syndrome (sobs). Sick building syndrome (sobs) A situation in which occupants off building experience acute health effects that seem to be linked to time spent in a building, but no specific illness or cause can be identified but Frequently, problems result when a building is operated or maintained in a manner that is inconsistent with its original design or prescribed operating procedures Sometimes indoor air problems are a result of poor building design or occupant activities. This is what appends when we do not build according to the building codes or rationality of that area. Symptoms of the sobs include the fact that building occupants complain of acute discomfort, most of the complainants feel relief soon after leaving the building, headaches, throat irritation, and itchy skins amongst others. Its causes range from inadequate ventilation to biological contaminants though the core reason is that these buildings were not designed conforming to local building codes of that particular area. A temporary solution to Sick Building Syndrome (sobs) usually includes increasing the ventilation rates and air distribution in the structure, removing of pollutant sources, air cleaning and communication and education of the general public. (Series and Kathleen. 1990) Green Architecture is the result of merging traditional or vernacular with modern technology and it is a sensitive approach to the environment and a unique balance between the modern and the vernacular. Low cost housing with the notion to challenge high density living, creating communities with shared streets, in harmony with nature and using land more efficiently. This type of Architecture requires the Architect to incorporate vernacular design tragedies into building and these building principles includes touching the earth Mercury). An Architecture that connects the indoor to the outdoor, responds to climate and the local setting and a non-constant architecture that responds to the morning, the evening, the season, the heat, the cold, the sun, the rain, the moment that will never pass again. Its not easy being green. (Kermit the Frog, 1972). Green Building Materials are composed of renewable, rather than nonrenewable resources. Green materials are environmentally responsible because impacts are considered ever the life of the product like bamboo and straw, lumber from forests certified to be sustainable managed and it reduces use of non-renewable resources, minimizes environmental impact, limit waste production, and manage energy utilization. The setting which is carefully preserved and changed with extreme sensitivity never forgets that it will have to be passed on to future generations. This attitude explains for example, why agricultural land has had the same use for a long time, has not witnessed invasion for purposes other than the purpose of farming as agriculture is the guarantee of peoples survival. (Clerically. 10) The search for sustainable architectural and urban models is the environmentalists latest concern as think of it as the impact of urban and metropolitan area on the environment and regions is the main factor for a sustainable environment, therefore, an unsustainable city model will definitely result in an unsustainable environment and not only in the city but also in its surroundings and in the region regardless of the distance between the city and the regions boundaries. In the past, the economy was on a smaller scale and so the city was built on a smaller, more human scale but now, high-rises tower over the city, Heraclites the wealth and power of the corporation that finances them. Secondly, they symbolize a society drawn towards sensationalism and novelty where the media rush to cover anything that is new and different. People are always astonished at how innovative and cutting edge these buildings are but they never tried to ask whether these buildings will make cities more livable or more humane. The sad part is that these types of built mistakes last for decades and affects lives for a long period of time, as a result of experimentation and novelty, thousands of families are doomed to eve for years in horrible buildings and neighborhood as residents of these buildings are glued to irrevocable dissatisfaction. Favorer and Jose. 2004) Traditional or Vernacular Architecture can co-exist; some say that these two types of Architectures are totally different while some others say Modern Architecture is the continuation of Traditional Architecture.

CUSTOMER FEASIBILTY ANALYSIS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

CUSTOMER FEASIBILTY ANALYSIS - Research Paper Example The plan for the proposed restaurant is divided into different sections Micro –Level Market Assessment This section reveals the target market intended by the restaurant to offer its products. Family with children and tourists of all age group irrespective of their appetite are the major target customers. Macro Level Market Assessments This section illustrates the market size and growth option for the restaurant. Accordingly, the population of the region is rising at a constant speed and the number of visitors also is increasing. Hence, the market size is relatively large and there also lies greater opportunities for the restaurant to expand the business. Macro Level Industry Assessment This section postulates the food and drink industry assessment. Accordingly, the bargaining power of customers, competition, threat of substitutes, threat of new entrants and suppliers bargaining power are moderate to high in the region. Micro Level Industry Assessment This particular section de picts the financial forecast for the proposed business. Accordingly, the start-up cost for the restaurant is estimated to be ?214,000. Accordingly, for the first four months of the start-up year, it is projected that there will be no profit. However, it is expected that the restaurant will gradually start earning substantial revenue and it is projected that the total revenue of the restaurant will exceed ?2 million. Team Assessment During the early stage of its commencement, 10 skilled and competent employees will be hired. The role of each staff will be to offer quality services to the potential customers. Summary and Conclusion This section summarizes the important points revealed in the report and duly concludes the report. To sum up, it has been ascertained that the idea of starting hala restaurant is projected to be immensely beneficial for the owners and at the same time it has potential opportunity to expand the business in the long run. SECTION 2 Micro –Level Market A ssessment: Overview of Primary and Secondary Research Undertaken To start up a business, it is essential to conduct research as the basis for the business plan in order to forecast the potential sales and growth for the proposed business. Thus, in order to execute the business plan of opening a hala restaurant in Liverpool, both primary and secondary research were conducted for ascertaining the viability of the proposed business plan. Correspondingly, secondary research was conducted using industry profiles, newspapers, demographic profiles and magazines. Additionally, primary research was conducted using yellow pages to identify competitors existing in the target market. Target Market and Its Pain Identified The proposed hala restaurant intends to operate in Liverpool. This location has been chosen due to various reasons. One of the most imperative reasons for the selection of the target market is that there are not many hala restaurants operating in Liverpool. Another vital reason for choosing Liverpool as the target market can be attributed to the constant increase in the number of visitors to the city. Despite the fall in the number of travellers visiting the United Kingdom, there has been a significant increase in the number of visitors visiting Liverpool (BBC, â€Å"Liverpool Area Tourism Figures Increase†). Correspondingly, this restaurant will offer an attraction for the local population irrespective of the age or appetite. At the same time, families with school

Demonic Possession and demons Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Demonic Possession and demons - Research Paper Example Definition and Characteristics of Demons and Demonic Possessions The term â€Å"demonic possession† belongs only to one of the two supposed major types of possession states, the other one being those â€Å"occurring within the context of religious experiences† (Ferracuti et al. 525-526). In fact, a possession trance is defined as â€Å"the presence of a single or episodic altered state of consciousness, in which a person’s customary identity is replaced by a new identity attributed to the influence of a spirit or deity† (525). This means that possession is just as simple as a spirit taking over the physical body and directing it. Nevertheless, there may be two major types of possession depending on nature – the pathologic type, which are known as demonic possessions and the ones often depicted in movies as the devil inhabiting bodies of people; and the religious type, which are particularly found in â€Å"ritual ceremonies† (526) and are norm ally characterized as having â€Å"a valid individual and social function† (526). Demonic possessions, due to the fact that they are necessarily pathologic, and physically and mentally damaging, are therefore a more urgent subject for discussion compared to the religious type. These possessions usually last from five minutes to two hours. (527) The possessing agent, or the evil spirit, that is believed to inhabit the physical body of the possessed victim would usually have a number of characteristics. First, they are usually identified as male and are therefore relatively more sexual, aggressive, intense and agitated (527), thus causing these manifestations of behavior in the victim. The agent is also of a different moral character from the possessed (527). In most cases, the possessing agent is believed to cause the victim to vomit, cough and spit and at the same time roar, growl and bark (527). This is perhaps one of the most remarkable characteristics of one possessed by a n evil spirit. The victim also displays â€Å"facial expressions of anger and hate† (527) and would angrily or sarcastically curse God (527). Moreover, the agent is also lucid and clear about its identity and intention as it often states its identity, curses God and expresses â€Å"disgust for the body it had possessed† (527). Lastly, there is usually a rolling of the eyes and a deepening of the voice in the victim (527). Nevertheless, most demonic possessions would usually begin with â€Å"unexplainable nausea and vomiting† and â€Å"constant difficulty in praying† (527). Nevertheless, demonic possession does not happen to everyone but to a chosen select few. What qualities then characterize these people who end up being possessed? One of these qualities is a previous diagnosis and treatment of a psychological disorder or schizophrenia (529). These people are also very much engrossed in paranormal experiences, have complex personalities, and have an impa ired sense of reality (525). Nevertheless, most of these people are believed to have two distinct characteristics from those not possessed: they have â€Å"recurrent depression episodes† and they â€Å"used to belong to ritualistic satanic groups† (528). As these people are possessed, it then follows that the best and most immediate solution is to seek a solution. The solution is usually exorcism or casting out of the demon, as described in the Catholic document Ritual

Leadership - Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership - Communication - Essay Example Yet the most effective managers, those whose executive action is likely to have the highest level of value within an organization, have the qualities of leadership in addition to management skill. Strategic decision-making depends upon those who have both of these skill sets. An executive who understands the mechanical nuances of his/her organization and is able to manipulate processes to achieve desired outcomes is an effective manager. Add to that the ability to articulate a vision and to influence others to work toward it and you have an effective manager with leadership qualities. This manager, trained to exercise independent, critical judgment, is well equipped for strategic decision-making (Hellwich, 2004). The characteristics of leadership that foster strategic decision-making are often tied to the personal characteristics or qualities of the executive. Leadership is more ability than a skill, although there has been significant debate about whether leadership characteristics can be learned. The dimensions of a leader fall into the categories of charisma, vision, interpersonal skill, and ethical responsibility, to name but a few. These qualities, when possessed by an organization's executives, are strongly linked to strategic decision-making. Without them, an executive is merely a high level manager or administrator without the ability to impact the strategic direction of the organization. Leadership is somew

Applications of Ultrasound in Medicine

Applications of Ultrasound in Medicine AB Assessment Using Waves Introduction Ultrasound is a sound wave with an oscillating pressure wave with frequencies ranging from 20 kHz until approximately 200 MHz. These frequencies are not audible to humans. Ultrasonic devices are used to detect objects and measure the distance between them. Ultrasound has been more frequently used in medical imaging displaying the patient an object in their body or just generally looking at their body. Ultrasound seemingly is becoming popular due to it not emitting any radiations unlike X-Rays. [6] Uses of Ultrasound Ultrasound is used in the medical department as a means of imaging, enabling medical staff to view the patients body without any major problems. The most common use of Ultrasound in the medical department is its use in what is called an â€Å"ultrasound scan†. This is used to project a moving image of a fetus inside a pregnant womans body. An example of this can be seen on the left. Ultrasound is not only used to detect unborn fetuses but also view several organs in the body through ‘prenatal scanning’: The same method used for an ultrasound scan. Since ultrasound easily reflect off soft tissue, gel needs to be added to the part of the body where the scan is going to be conducted. A transducer is then used to generate the ultrasound waves and detect any echoes it receives from the reflected waves. During the process of scanning the waves also erode pieces of gallstone which reside within our organs, with their constant vibrations.[6][7][12] Another use of Ultrasound is echo sounding. This is used by the quality control industry to detect flaws in pieces of metal. As an ultrasound wave is being passed through the metal, it will reach the defect area in the metal and the reflected wave that came of the defect area will be received by the transducer that emitted the wave. If there is more than one reflected wave it means the metal is defect. [7][12][13][15] â€Å"Ultrasound waves can be used by the industry for cleaning.†[12] The waves are sent through a fluid and bubbles formed from the vibration of the ultrasound remove dirt from an object. The object which is placed in water or another solvent has fluid collapse into the gap left behind from the solvent. The bubbles then move rapidly, removing the dirt and resulting in a transcending standard of cleanliness.[12][15] Dangers and Risks The dangers of Ultrasound are considerably low compared to other waves. Even though there is no major threat in using ultrasound it does have its risks which could harm the user. Excessive exposure to ultrasound waves of 120dB can lead to hearing loss. [6] Excessive exposure of ultrasound waves at 155dB will cause cavitation heating up the users body cells. [6] Excessive exposure to ultrasound waves of 180dB may lead to death. [6] Cavitation may cause the users cells to heat up and invoke toxic reactions. [23] Change in cells may cause Intestinal bleeding. [23] Damage to fetus’s brain may lead to left handedness. [23] Prenatal scans may cause early labour, premature birth, miscarriage and perinatal deaths. [23] Possible disabilities formed are: epilepsy, dyslexia and delayed speech development. [23] Ultrasound in Physiotherapy â€Å"The aim of physiotherapy is to help restore movement and normal body function in cases of illness, injury and disability.†. [1] Physiotherapy tries to cure disabled body functions from affected people. Ultrasound has found its way into this world, bringing it’s useful treatment methods with it. It’s used to treat deep tissue injuries, reduce pain from spasms as wells as inflammation and swellings, increase tissue extensibility, speed up metabolism, reduce nerve irritation, enhance drug delivery and speed up healing. Ultrasound stimulates the blood circulation and the activity of cells to assist in the therapeutics. [1] [3] The ultrasound frequency that is used for physiotherapy ranges between 0.7 and 3 MHz. [5] Gel is applied to the patients body to reduce friction with the transducer and aid the transmission of ultrasound waves. The waves are absorbed by ligaments, tendons and fascia and the therapeutics affect apply. [5] Advantages and Disadvantages Impacts Social Impact Hospitalized childbirth has gained a sudden rise since the 20th century. This is due to the improved hospital technology and successful childbirth probability. [16] Since ultrasound has been part of the hospitals technology, mothers have wanted to view a fetal scanning of their unborn child. This has been done multiple times, but society keeps questioning if ultrasound scanning is safe. The fact of being able to view your unborn child provides ultrasound a plus point to it’s beneficial use. It allowed parents to find out the gender of their child before delivery and detect any abnormalities that may occur during pregnancy. [16] Moral Impact The use of ultrasound in prenatal scanning seems to be that it affects the relationship between mother and fetus. The cultural communication is gone and what remains is communication through a computer screen displaying the fetus. The mother will then use what she sees instead of relying on her embodied knowledge. [17] Ultrasound brings imbalance to the moral standing of the victim through injurious damage to the victim. This raises the moral awareness of fetuses and if they should be exposed to the waves emitted, which can bring injurious damage. But this will then degrade the mothers moral standing as she also becomes a victim of the injurious damage ultrasound can bring. [17] Ethical Impact Ultrasound has been most commonly known for determining the gender of the fetus. Ultrasound is a cheap resource since all you need is a transducer and someone who can operate the device. In countries like China and India, parents exploit this method by checking the gender of their child and then deciding to abort it due to the countries preference of males. [18] In india there are 250,000 female feticide abortions each year. The government has been trying to motivate people into valuing female fetuses but the Economic and Social impacts have lead to the occurrence of this ethical issue. [18] Conclusion Ultrasound is a secure soundwave with a minor probability of great risks. Ultrasound has been proven to be beneficial and useful in most industries and is popular in the medical industry. It’s a method used in physiotherapy to speed up healing and to improve the overall therapeutics. Although it has contrasting advantages and disadvantages, and is not worth recommending it should not discourage anyone from using ultrasound waves. Bibliography [1] Physiotherapy How It Works . Physiotherapy. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 May 2014. http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Physiotherapy/Pages/How-does-it-work.aspx>. [2] Rheumatology. Therapeutic Ultrasound in Soft Tissue Lesions. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/content/40/12/1331.full>. [3] Ultrasound in Physiotherapy. Ultrasound in Physiotherapy. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.greatlakes-physiotherapy.com/physiotherapy-ultrasound.html>. [4] Does Ultrasound Work? SaveYourselfca RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://saveyourself.ca/articles/ultrasound.php>. [5] Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_ultrasound#Physical_therapy>. [6] Ultrasound. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasound>. [7] Ultrasound. Pass My Exams. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.passmyexams.co.uk/GCSE/physics/ultrasound.html>. [8] BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_gateway_pre_2011/radiation/ultrasoundrev2.shtml>. [9] BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/triple_aqa/medical_applications_physics/ultrasound/revision/1/>. [10] BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel_pre_2011/waves/soundultrasoundandseismicwavesrev2.shtml>. [11] BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_ocr_gateway/radiation/ultrasoundrev3.shtml>. [12] Ultrasound. Ultrasound. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.cyberphysics.co.uk/topics/waves/ultrasound.htm>. [13] What Is Fetal Imaging and Pre-Natal Scanning? What Are the Uses of Ultrasound? N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.gcsescience.com/pwav14.htm>. [14] Uses of Sound Waves. GCSE Physics Uses of Waves Revision. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.s-cool.co.uk/gcse/physics/uses-of-waves/revise-it/uses-of-sound-waves>. [15] Ultrasound. Revision World. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.revisionworld.com/gcse-revision/physics/waves/ultrasound>. [16] Ultrasound Technology and Its Social Impact. Yahoo Contributor Network. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://voices.yahoo.com/ultrasound-technology-its-social-impact-6812902.html>. [17] Ultrasounds Risk: Reproductive Autonomy and Epistemic Moral Injury.[emailprotected]. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/iaph/June27/Presentations/5/>. [18] Female Feticide ethical Issues of Ultrasound in India and China. Why Is American Health Care so Expensive? N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://whyisamericanhealthcaresoexpensive.blogspot.co.at/2013/03/female-feticide-ethical-issues-of.html>. [19] BCF Technology. Economic Benefits of Ultrasound. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.international.bcftechnology.com/learning/farm-animal/clinical-resources/economic-benefits-of-ultrasound> [20] Benefits of the Use of Ultrasound in Physical Therapy. LIVESTRONG.COM. LIVESTRONG.COM, 7 July 2010. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.livestrong.com/article/172706-benefits-of-the-use-of-ultrasound-in-physical-therapy/>. [21] Ultrasound Therapy. For Treatment of Sports Injuries. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.sportsinjuryclinic.net/treatments-therapies/electrotherapy/ultrasound-therapy>. [22] Powers, Julie. Risks From Ultrasound Therapy. EHow. Demand Media, 29 Oct. 2009. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.ehow.com/about_5589797_risks-ultrasound-therapy.html>. [23] Hall, Harriet. Are Prenatal Ultrasounds Dangerous? Science-Based Medicine. N.p., 30 Aug. 2011. Web. 9 May 2014. http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/are-prenatal-ultrasounds-dangerous/>.

The Human Genome Project Debate :: Science Technology Genetics Papers

The Human Genome Project Debate The Human Genome Project is a 15 year, 3 billion dollar venture whose goals involve identifying the 80,000 genes in human DNA and determining the sequences of the 3 billion chemical bases that make up human DNA. Genes are made up of a threadlike material called DNA. DNA contains four main ingredients, which are called bases. A single gene may contain thousands of bases, so the Human Genome Project (HGP) is not any easy task. First, scientists have to go into the cells nucleus, where the DNA is located. Here the DNA is tightly coiled, so researchers have to uncoil it and then examine the DNA and write down the order of the bases. The order is extremely important because it underlies life's diversity. The ultimate objective of the HGP is to create a directory of the genes that can be used to answer questions such as what specific genes do and how they work. Once all the genes are examined, and their bases described, researchers have to translate what their order means. A genome is the entire DNA in an organism, including its expressed genes. These genes carry the codes for making all the proteins the organism requires. These proteins determine everything from how the organism looks to how it behaves. The HGP has been progressing very rapidly. Because of its rapid success, a new set of goals were arranged for the 1998-2003 year period. The first goal is to complete the sequencing of the human genome and to make it publicly available to researchers so they can all work together to better the human condition. Included in this goal is to improve technology so that there is a more efficient way of sequencing DNA. Advancing technology includes decreasing the cost of current technology, funding for new technology, and effective review methods for implementing advanced technology development. Variations in human genomes include the most common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP's), deletions, insertions, and duplications. One goal of the HGP is to gain a better understanding of the types and frequencies of these variations and their possible functional purpose. Mapping SNP's will aid in researching conditions such as cancer and mental retardation. These maps may also be applicable in identifying genes that contribute to increasing disease risk. Another major goal of the HGP is determining the functions of genes. Once the complete genome sequence is discovered, the interpretation of the sequence still needs to be done.

An Essay on the French Movie ”the Intouchables”

Intouchables CAD report by Sascha Peters on this movie played in movietheatre lumiere. General information I went to the French movie Intouchables at Lumiere a couple of days ago. It was directed by the duo Olivier Nakache en Eric Toledano. It is a dramatic comedy, based on a real story. The movie was made in 2011 and the lead actors are Philippe (Francois Cluzet) an Driss (Omar Sy) ContentIn Paris, the upper-class and academic Philippe is a quadriplegic millionaire that is interviewing candidates for the position of his caretaker. Out of the blue, the rude African Driss cuts the line of candidates and brings a document from the Social Security and asks Philippe to sign it to prove that he is seeking a job position to receive his unemployment insurance. Philippe challenges Driss and offers a period of adaptation of one week to him to gain experience helping him.Then Driss would decide whether he would like to stay with him or not. Driss accepts the bet and moves to the mansion, chang ing the boring life of Philippe and his employees. The two develop a remarkable friendship. The most important characters in the movie are Driss and Philippe. Driss is a poor black man from the French ghettos in Paris, the Banlieux. He is into Cool and the Gang and music like that. He feels very responsible for his family and in the end this makes him have to give up his nice life.He is not really open-minded towards art and classical music, but in the end he has made his own painting and sold it to a gallery. Philippe is a very rich, quadriplegic man fond of classical music and art. He has got humour but can also be very serious. His wife has died and he now has a young lady from northern France whom he writes poems and letters to. The goal of the directors was to touch people with the beautiful story, but bring it lightly and in a fun way. The main theme is friendship.

Death By An Infant essays

Death By An Infant essays This story is actually a mix of about three terribly misguided kids that have committed a crime. The first story is about Derek King, 14, and his brother Alex, 13, that killed their father by beating him to death with a bat last November, in Florida. They received seven to eight years in prison. Next, Lionel Tate, 14, beat to death a six-year old and he got a life sentence. Then, the last story, Nathaniel Brazill, 14, got twenty-eight years for killing his middle-school teacher. The rest of the article continues in saying that possibly the cause of them doing this is a combination of bad genes and a bad environment. Right... I dont to an extent agree with the whole bad childhood to bad adulthood thing, but bad genes, no. Genes had nothing to do with killing someone else. Even if your great uncle killed someone doesnt not mean your going to do it too. I think that parents are just trying to find an excuse to blame all of the boys behavior on. What I also dont understand is why they didnt all receive the same punishment? They each killed someone, why would their punishments alter so greatly? I think that its absolutely terrible what these boys did. Even though they are teenagers, they may not have known that what they were going to do would result in death. What I mean is that I dont think that what they did was intentional, but still very severe. None of them should receive a life sentence, their just kids; they still have yet to finish learning right from wrong and common sense. The courts really should have considered this, and paid special attention to it. Im not saying that they shouldnt be punished, but they ought to have special circumstances. The kids should have gotten four years (until they turn eighteen) then they should have received therapy and probation, so that someone can help them and monitor them. It will help them to hopefully become stable adul...

Fermentation, is chemical changes in organic substances produced by the action of enzymes Essays

Fermentation, is chemical changes in organic substances produced by the action of enzymes Essays Fermentation, is chemical changes in organic substances produced by the action of enzymes Essay Fermentation, is chemical changes in organic substances produced by the action of enzymes Essay Yeast is a microorganism, and therefore is a living cell. Yeast cells require glucose to make energy. Yeast can break down and respire this glucose in the presence of oxygen, and in the absence of oxygen. This is called aerobic and anaerobic respiration.Aerobic Respiration (with oxygen)Glucose + Oxygen carbon dioxide + WaterC6H1206+02 6C02+6H206Anaerobic Respiration (without oxygen)Glucose methane + carbon dioxideC6H1206 3CH4+3C02As a culture of yeast is merged with solution of sugar, a reaction called fermentation occurs. Fermentation is chemical changes in organic substances produced by the action of enzymes. As products, ethanol and carbon dioxide are produced, in forms of liquid and gas. The rate of reaction can be illustrated by doing appropriate calculation involving the volume of gas produced.In order to react the glucose molecules need enough energy, known as the activation energy. Increasing the temperature increases the numbers of glucose molecules that have sufficient energy to react. Enzymes lower the activation energy needed for the reaction to occur.Research by Ann Fullick shows that at a lower temperature there is very slow fermentation. This is because the glucose molecules havent got very much kinetic energy and so are moving extremely slowly leading to a small amount of Carbon dioxide being made. As the temperature begins to increase the amount of carbon dioxide increases also. This is due to the lock and key mechanism. In the yeast enzyme there is an active site. This has a specific shape especially for use in fermentation. Only a glucose molecule is the right shape to be a substrate for the yeast enzyme active site. When the glucose molecule has enough kinetic energy it slots into the yeast enzymes active site (key fitting into lock). The reaction has then been catalysed and the products cant stay in the active site so they are released. These products are ethanol and carbon dioxide.AimTo investigate the affect of changing temperature on the amount of Carbon Dioxide created in the fermentation of yeastApparatus- Measuring tube- Test tube rack-Test tubes- Water bath- Stop Watch- Kettle- Thermometer- Syringe- Distilled water- Bung- 100cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of water.- 80cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of sucrose and yeast.PredictionStudying my research the optimum temperature for the reaction is 40?C because it is the activation energy. The glucose molecules have enough kinetic energy to collide and lock onto the yeast enzymes active sites.After 40?C some of the enzymes begin to denature (change shape) but not all at once. When they denature the glucose molecules cant lock onto the active sites anymore. At around 70?C all of the enzymes become denatured and the active sites have changed shape so no glucose molecules can lock on therefore there is no fermentation. This is a prediction of what my graph will look like.SafetyTo guarantee that my experiment will be done safely and accurately I will:-Tie back all loose hair and clothing-Make sure that the water bath is at an safe temperature, by using a thermometer, before letting it come into human contact-Place all bags and chairs under desks to prevent any accident-Handle all the glassware with caution-Wear safety goggles at all times-Leave an appropriate amount of space between each working groupThe equipment used in this experiment is reasonable safe. However, care is needed in handling glassware, as they are easily broken.Fair TestTo guarantee that the experiment is fair and that my results are trustworthy I will keep certain variables the same. These are my fixed variables. This will be the amount of yeast and water used. I will ensure this by measuring the yeast and water out with a syringe carefully each time. I will use the same equipment each time and make sure that the thermometer has restored to room temperature before using it again. Every repeat I will use fresh water and use new yeast and sucrose.By keeping these things constant will ensure that the experimen t is totally fair. I will repeat my experiment 3 times in order to obtain reliable and fair results. This is very important as the bubble counting may be unreliable as its counting by a person manually so by repeating the experiment will make the result more accurate. This will help me find the average, which will reduce the risk of anomalies.Obtaining evidenceMethodFor my investigation I will be altering the temperature of the yeast and sucrose is and observing how much carbon dioxide is released by counting the bubbles.-I Put 80cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of yeast in a test tube and 80cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of sucrose in separate test tube.-I heated 100cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of water to the temperature, which I was testing-I put both the test tubes containing yeast and sucrose in the water and put thermometers in each of them, then I waited until they settled to the temperature I was testing.-I Attached the two tubes together quickly to try and not let any gas escape, then observed the amount of bubbles produ ced and recorded my results every 10 seconds for 1 minute.-I did this for 30à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½c, 40à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½c, 50à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½c, 60à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½c, 70à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½c, and 80à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½c.-Then I repeated the experiment 3 times to ensure accurate and reliable results.ResultsTemperature (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C)Reading 1(Number of bubbles in 1 minute)Reading 2(Number of bubbles in 1 minute)Reading 3(Number of bubbles in 1 minute)Average(Number of bubbles in 1 minute)3022324011109105016161716602022242270404240418065676365Number of Bubbles (3 Repeats)1020304050603011112240246891050581114151660471115182270112129343842802239475360671020304050603011122240135891150810131516166010141517202070182630333740802234445062651020304050603011222340246899504681315176079141720247014212934384080203440535863AnalysisAnalysisThese results do not comply with my prediction. I predicted that after 40à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C the enzyme would start to denature and become less effective. However this was not the case, as the carbon dioxide bubbles kept increasing all the way up to 80à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C in a strong positive correlation. However this is not a one off anomalies, as I repeated the experiment 3 times and took all safety and fair test precautions. From this experiment I could come to the conclusion that the higher the temperature the more carbon dioxide produced in fermentation. However, as this does not complied with my research I will try and find a reason why my experiment is unreliable. I believe that these results have occurred because the enzymes did not have enough time to denature, as I only carried out the experiment for 1 minute, and this is why they carried on producing carbon dioxide.EvaluatingConclusionI believe the method I used was not unreliable, however I should have used a longer time scale to gave the enzymes time to denature. The results I obtained were accurate up to 50?C, however, after that they began to rise when I predicted that the carbon dioxide levels would fall, these were my anomalou s results.If I would repeat this experiment then I would have carried it on for a longer span of time to give the enzymes a chance to denature. I would have also used larger scale of temperatures so my results would be more reliable.I do not believe that counting the bubbles was a reliable method, because sometimes the bubbles were being released too quickly to count all of them, and the size of the bubbles were not taken into consideration, only the amount of bubbles. I think to improve this you could use a gas syringe to measure the amount of gas produced or put a balloon over the neck of the bottle so you can visually see how much gas is produced. I also think in the higher temperatures some of the bubbles would not be carbon dioxide but because of the higher temperatures they could be from the heat. I believe the results could have been slightly off, by human errors, however if I was to repeat the experiment I would be more careful.If I was to carry out more experiments I could use different concentrations of yeast, or use different pressures and temperatures. To conclude, I believe that I carried out the experiment well and completed my method accurately, fairly and safely. However the results I obtained were not as I predicted and as a result I would like to repeat the experiment with a longer time span, to give the enzymes time to denature at higher temperature.

CULTURAL DIMENSIONS IN ADVERTISING Research Paper

CULTURAL DIMENSIONS IN ADVERTISING - Research Paper Example Therefore, the researcher found that a mix of Spanish and English is most effective in these populations, as it mixes accommodation and respect (the Spanish part of the ad) with a positive feeling of linguistic security (the English part of the ad). Meanwhile, in all countries, there is a negative side to advertising. This negative side is that advertising encourages a feeling of inadequacy, and advertising also denigrates traditional social norms. The question that needs to be answered is what are the specific connotations that English convey in the different countries that are covered by the research, and why is advertising considered to be negative in some instances? I. Sociolinguistic Aspects of English Advertising A. In Japan The use of English in the country of Japan is becoming an increasingly popular phenomenon. The attribution of the high number of loan words in Japan dates back to the Meiji Restoration in 1868, in which Japan was transformed from feudal to a modern state by adopting Western civilization (Takashi, 1990, p. 327). There are a high number of English loan words in the Japanese language, much more so than loan words from European nations. English loan words represent 80.8% of Western loan words in Japan, with the other western loan words coming from France, Germany, Italian and Dutch (Takashi, 1990, p. 327). This is because the Japanese study English more than any other foreign language. There is some thought that the Japanese people regard English as representative of something cosmopolitan and international, and modern English words are seen as conveying sophistication and modernity, especially in they are used in advertising. (Takashi, 1990, p. 327). Part of the reason for this is because, before, 1931, English words were used in Japan for new concepts and things (Takashi, 1990, p. 327). Previous studies indicate that Japanese males use English loan words more when talking about academic subjects, as opposed to every day life, while Japa nese females use English when speaking on every day topics, as opposed to academic topics. (Takashi, 1990, p. 328). Other studies indicated that commercials that were aired in European languages, such as English, German, French and Italian, and used Western imagery, such as background music, scenery, and a Western person, conveyed the social values and stereotypes attached to these languages. (Takashi, 1990, p. 328). Still other studies showed that young Japanese girls use English loanwords when they want to appear fashionable. (Takashi, 1990 328). Takashi's (1990) study focused upon the language of contemporary advertising, particularly the usage of English in the Japanese contemporary advertising. The focus was on the use of English loan words in Japanese advertising, with 506 Japanese commercials with English loan words and 413 print advertisements with these loan words. For the purpose of this study, the term â€Å"loan word† denoted any English word that had been morphol ogically, phonologically and syntactically integrated into the Japanese language. The study also delineated advertisements that were aimed at specific populations, such as female, young and old, and sought to discover how loan words were used in these specifically targeted advertisements. The study found a total of 5,556 English loan words

Italian Cinema and culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Italian Cinema and culture - Research Paper Example The movie bicycle thief is about a struggling head of the family who is trying to fight for his family survival. Looks for a job and when a hope finally arrives and he are offered a job to distribute posters (Samuel & Olive 40). His means of moving to work, his bicycle is stolen by an unfamiliar young man. Antonio, the father hopes that the police would help get the thief, only to learn that they are not interested in the case since Antonio does not have any witnesses to help with the investigations. Opting to literary look for the thief in the streets of Rome Antonio faces many challenges and finally doesn’t succeed. The other film life is beautiful is based on the life of a family that struggles to live a happy life as a unit. They live on a ranch oblivious of the occurrences outside. The war continued (Benigin 200). They are seized by soldiers on the day of their son’s birthday and taken to a common prison. The father, Guido wants to protect his son, Giosue, who is o nly four and a half and very innocent. He gives him a fictional, but almost believable story of how the family has won a trip, and they have to perform some tasks to win the reward. Guido is very convincing with his explanation and uses it to protect the son from the terrifying realities of life in prison especially for a child who is that young and separated from his mother. In the end, Guido is executed but does not want Guisue to witness it, so he tells him to hide as part of the ‘game’. Guisue spots his mother Dora in the crowd of other female prisoners, and that’s how he starts to connect the disappearance of his father and the â€Å"game† and recalls of his statements of him sacrificing for his family (Bullaro 200). These two movies express the struggles of the community members in the post war Italy. The families were trying to remain happy and keeping the hope for a better day to come. Since they are based on partially true experiences of the main characters they are realistic to their lives, which area characterized by; poverty, oppression, injustice and desperation. Poverty In both films, the families are facing financial constrains and means for survival. For instance, in the Bicycle thieves, Antonio had even pawned his bicycle before this job offer came up. They have to give up their dowry bed sheets to the pawnbroker in order to recover it. When the bicycle is then stolen, and they report the case to the police no much concern is shown. Father and son having to walk to the city to look for the thief, they could not afford other means to get there (Samuel & Olive 100). These scenes demonstrate the poverty of the urban Italian community at that time with most of them being unemployed and have to rely on odd job. For instance, Lamberto Maggirani, the character who played Antonio in the movie was a construction worker and the film reflected his actual life and the state of financial lack. The film was shot on location theref ore appearance of the characters on it reflects how they live. The small boy was real son. In life is beautiful, the head of the family could not raise enough money to afford his young family a home the end up being hosted at uncle’s ranch. The son believes the story that they had won a trip because to him the family rarely traveled away from home. This was a new experience (Benigin 200). He even believes that